大和抚子

A |     　　人造卫星通常在通信、导航、遥感、科学探测等领域发挥作用，如今，中国科学家正尝试让卫星多一颗“大脑”——把算力也送上太空。    BARCELONA, Spain -- Barcelona accountant Oriol Calvo ran afoul of the law when he was arrested in 2019 during a mass protest by supporters of Catalonia's independence from Spain that turned violent. A court found him guilty of public disorder and of aggressive behavior toward a police officer — offenses he denies. The 25-year-old is among several thousand ordinary citizens who faced legal trouble for their often tiny part in Catalonia’s illegal secession bid that brought Spain to the brink of rupture six years ago.Now Calvo hopes his conviction and those of many others will be wiped clean if Spain’s acting prime minister, Pedro Sánchez, follows through and issues a sweeping amnesty for the separatists in exchange for their movement's political parties helping him form a new government in Madrid.Calvo's sentence of 18 months was suspended since it was his first offense, but it is still a stain on his record and has affected his willingness to participate in politics. He has stopped going to rallies for independence for fears that it could complicate his legal situation. He also felt betrayed.“I became very bitter,” Calvo said. “I felt betrayed by the justice system, but also I thought about all the efforts that the movement had made in the fight to achieve independence that had gotten us nowhere.”Sánchez, who has granted pardons to several leaders of the movement in the past, says that the amnesty will be positive for Spain because it will further reduce tensions inside Catalonia. Yet no one doubts that he is doing it only out of political necessity given how divisive the Catalan independence movement is both inside Catalonia and the rest of Spain.A national election in July left no party close to an absolute majority and with Sánchez in need of the support of several smaller parties to stay in power. Those include two pro-secession Catalan parties who led the unsuccessful 2017 breakaway attempt and who now find themselves holding the key votes in Parliament that Sánchez requires. Given the chance to play kingmaker, the two separatist parties are using their leverage. They have made an amnesty law as a prerequisite for supporting Sánchez.The clock is already ticking. Sánchez has until Nov. 27 to form a government, otherwise new elections will be triggered for January.Sánchez and his center-left Socialist party have tried to keep as quiet as possible on the amnesty question, but the leader has acknowledged that talks are on-going with the Catalan parties, including one led by the fugitive former regional leader of Catalonia, Carles Puigdemont, who fled Spain for Belgium after his dream to carve out a new state in northeast Spain collapsed.Spain’s courts are still trying to have Puigdemont extradited. Given that Puigdemont is considered an enemy of the state for many Spaniards, any deal that could benefit him is politically toxic.Tens of thousands of people rallied in downtown Barcelona on Oct. 8 against a possible amnesty in a sign of the danger that Sánchez runs.An amnesty "would be shameful because Spain can’t be governed by people who want to split from the country,” said 23-year-old Pablo Seco, an aeronautical engineer who attended the rally.For Montserrat Nebrera, professor of constitutional law at the International University of Catalonia, the negotiations between Sánchez and the separatist leaders are a “hall of mirrors” wherein both sides try to appear that they have the upper hand, when in reality they need one another.“Pedro Sánchez needs the amnesty law to pass so he can get the four votes he is lacking,” Nebrera told the AP. “The secessionists, however, also need to show their people that they are not only interested in saving the necks of their leaders ... but also of the people who disobeyed authorities or damaged public property and whose punishments, while not huge, have greatly complicated their lives.”Spain’s conservative party, which lost a bid to form a government last month, is already bashing Sánchez for what it describes as selling Spain out to stay in power. Former Socialist prime minister Felipe González has also said that the amnesty is not merited.Spain granted a sweeping amnesty during its transition back to democracy following the death of dictator Francisco Franco in 1975. But legal experts are divided over the constitutionality of an amnesty for the Catalan separatists.The pro-independence Catalan organization Omnium Cultural says that an amnesty should benefit some 4,400 more people, mostly minor officials and ordinary citizens who either helped to organize an illegal 2017 referendum or participated, like Calvo, in protests that turned ugly.But Omnium and the two Catalan separatist parties say they want much more than just a clean slate for people in trouble with the law: they want the terms of the amnesty to establish a legal pretext for Catalonia eventually holding a binding, authorized referendum on independence.“For us, the amnesty is not the solution to the conflict, it is the starting point from which the conflict can begin to be resolved,” said Xavier Antich, president of Omnium Cultural.That going-for-broke position, however, may run the risk of wrecking the whole operation, as well as leaving people like Calvo in the lurch.“They have already tried to have a referendum authorized and it has not worked,” Calvo said. “So I believe that trying to force something that we know isn’t going to happen is useless and could derail the amnesty talks.”___Videojournalist Hernán Muñoz contributed to this report.。那么，为何一定要把算力“打”上天？　　太空计算星座就像把“电脑”打上天　　2025年5月，我国将全球首个太空计算卫星星座“星算”送入太空。该星座首发12颗卫星，每颗卫星均搭载了星载智算系统、星间通信系统，具备太空计算、太空互联能力。　　那么，什么是“计算卫星”？对此，中国科学院微小卫星创新研究院研究员郑文在中国科学院《科学公开课》中介绍，这就像是把人们常用的笔记本电脑“打”到天上去了，使得原来要在地上处理的数据，可以在天上得到及时处理。　　未来，郑文透露，可能通过星簇或星群组网形成统一的算力供给，最终希望在太空直接建造一个超大型算力中心：“我们可能会在太空中间建一个边长4000米×4000米的一个航天器，来提供无限算力。真正在太空中间建立起一个计算的基础设施，给每一个人提供算力服务。”　　为何一定要把算力“打”上天？　　把算力中心搬上太空有着一定的现实优势，例如，能源——太阳一直在，太阳能源持续可得。此外，空间中背日面温度比较低，在散热、热管理方面有一定优势。　　但是，郑文也指出，这样的优势背后并存的是极端环境的严峻挑战：“这也是至今未能大规模实现太空计算的核心原因。第一个难题是散热，第二个难题是高能粒子辐射。”　　太空中没有空气，散热只能靠辐射散热，因此，太空算力中心就需要巨大的辐射散热面积。

B | 　　此外，计算机底层依赖电子“0”和“1”的开关状态，而高能粒子一旦穿透芯片，会把电子打翻。郑文解释称：“原本是‘0’的地方可能就变成‘1’了，原来的‘开’就变成了‘关’，这样一来，输出的信息就会变成乱码”。因此，这两大极端条件正是建设太空计算设施的瓶颈。　　把算力送上太空并非最终目标　　中国科学院微小卫星创新研究院研究员郑文表示，将算力送上天是实现自主智能的关键一步。例如，让中国空间站的机械臂拥有能够计算的“大脑”，从而实现代替航天员执行舱外操作的目标。　　除了自主操作外，科学家们还希望卫星能够更智能地去完成一些任务。

C | 郑文透露，中国科学院微小卫星创新研究院正在设计一款未来航天器——“哪吒(NEZHA)”。从它的名字中可以大致推断出它的形态，郑文介绍，它有“三头六臂”，能变形，还能在太空中自主飞行：“它多了两个手臂，可以自主执行维修任务，例如，有一些卫星坏了或者没有能源了，就可以把这些小‘哪吒’派出去，进行维修、修复。”　　郑文表示，只有把人工智能、算力与卫星深度结合，一同送上太空，未来才能真正建造属于人类的太空基地。　　(中央广播电视总台中国之声)。

D |